Structure of fucoxanthin ( Figure 1) is similar to neoxanthin, dinoxanthin, and peridinin. Fucoxanthin is a characteristic carotenoid, which was found in brown algae. Therefore, properties of its structure are necessary to be well known. The structure of fucoxanthin is closely related to pharmacological activities of fucoxanthin. In this paper, we reviewed the factors affecting the stability of fucoxanthin, the metabolism and safety of fucoxanthin, the pharmacological activities, and the pharmacological mechanism of fucoxanthin. Moreover, fucoxanthin also showed antiobesity, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective effects. Because of its unstable structure and the allenic bond, fucoxanthin showed high antioxidant activity. Though fucoxanthin is unstable, the factors contributing to its instability has been thoroughly studied. It is easily affected by heating, aerial exposure, and illumination. However, the unique structure and chirality of fucoxanthin are unstable. The allenic bond was mainly in fucoxanthin, which was not found in other carotenoids in brown seaweeds. Fucoxanthin has a unique molecular structure ( Figure 1) including an unusual allenic bond, a 5,6-monoepoxide, and 9 conjugated double bounds. The structure of fucoxanthin was determined by Englert et al. One of these functional ingredients is fucoxanthin.įucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid and presents in the macroalgae and microalgae, such as Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame), Laminaria japonica (Ma-Kombu), Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Cylindrotheca closterium. Therefore, researchers begin to find safe and effective functional ingredients in food to prevent and treat lifestyle-related diseases. To prevent and treat lifestyle-related diseases, it is not sufficient to use an exclusively pharmacological treatment. This lifestyle contributes to related diseases, like obesity, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and other chronic diseases. Recently, the intake of fats, sugars, and calories is increasing, whereas exercise and physical activities are reduced. Based on these studies providing essential background knowledge, fucoxanthin can be developed into marine drugs and nutritional products. We also reported the metabolism, safety, pharmacological activities, and the methods of improving the bioavailability of fucoxanthin. In this paper, we consulted the current documents and reviewed structural properties and factors affecting the stability of fucoxanthin. Although fucoxanthin possesses many medicinal ingredient and nutritional qualities, studies indicated that its structure was unstable. Therefore, fucoxanthin can be used as both medicinal and nutritional ingredient to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Recent studies have reported that fucoxanthin has many physiological functions and biological properties, such as antiobesity, antitumor, antidiabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective effects. These findings suggest that IF may be superior to CCR for weight loss in some respects.īMI body weight calorie restriction energy control intermittent fasting meta-analysis.Fucoxanthin, an allenic carotenoid, can be isolated from edible brown seaweeds. There was no significant difference in BMI (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI (-0.16, 0.20) p = 0.848) between IF and CCR. The significance of body weight change (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI (-0.40, -0.02) p = 0.028) was more significant after IF than CCR. The stability of the results was evaluated using sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's test. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the effectiveness. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to January 2022. The parameters included body mass index (BMI), body weight, and other metabolism-related indicators. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and pilot trial studies to compare the effectiveness of intermittent fasting (IF) and continuous calorie restriction (CCR) in overweight and obese people.
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